Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) describes a difference in how the brain interprets and responds to sensory information. This includes input from sight, sound, touch, taste, smell and movement. For people with SPD, everyday sensory experiences can feel overwhelming, underwhelming or confusing, making daily life more challenging. While SPD is most often identified in childhood, it can also affect adults.
SPD commonly appears alongside neurodevelopmental and neurodivergent conditions such as autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, it’s important to note that a person can experience sensory processing challenges without having any other diagnosed condition. Although SPD isn’t currently classified as an official medical diagnosis, healthcare providers increasingly recognize its impact and the value of therapy in improving day-to-day functioning.
Researchers estimate that sensory processing disorder affects roughly 1 to 3 out of every 20 people in the general U.S. population. The prevalence is even higher among individuals with neurodevelopmental conditions. Because symptoms vary widely, SPD can look very different from one person to another.
Types of Sensory Processing Disorder
There are several recognized types of sensory processing disorder. Some people are overly sensitive to sensory input, known as sensory over-responsivity. In these cases, sounds, textures or movements that most people tolerate easily may feel distressing or unbearable. Others experience sensory under-responsivity, meaning they need stronger or more intense input to notice or respond to sensations. Some individuals crave sensory stimulation and actively seek it out, but the stimulation doesn’t provide lasting satisfaction and may lead to disorganization. Another form, sensory discrimination disorder, involves difficulty interpreting subtle differences in sensory information, such as distinguishing sounds or textures. SPD can also affect body awareness and movement, as seen in postural disorders and dyspraxia, which interfere with balance, coordination and motor skills.
Common Symptoms and Risk Factors
Symptoms of SPD vary depending on the type and severity, but many people experience challenges such as clumsiness, discomfort with certain fabrics, gagging with specific food textures, or difficulty understanding personal space. Others may react strongly to loud noises, bright lights, or unexpected touch, or struggle with fine motor skills like writing or buttoning clothes.
The exact cause of sensory processing disorder is still unknown, but researchers believe both genetics and environmental factors play a role. SPD can occur on its own but frequently coexists with the following conditions:
- Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
- Bipolar disorder
- Developmental delays
- Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
- Schizophrenia
- Specific learning disorders
Diagnosis and Treatment Options
Because SPD doesn’t have formal diagnostic criteria, it’s often under-recognized. When sensory differences interfere with daily life, healthcare providers may refer children to occupational therapists for evaluation. These professionals observe how a child responds to sensory experiences and gather detailed information about behavior and development.
There is no cure for SPD, but occupational therapy can be highly effective in managing symptoms. Therapists work with individuals to build daily living skills, improve self-regulation, enhance motor abilities and support social participation. One of the most effective approaches is sensory integration therapy, which uses carefully designed sensory activities to help the brain respond more appropriately to sensory input. Research shows this therapy can improve focus, behavior and anxiety levels.
For children, therapists may also recommend structured sensory activities at home and school, such as movement breaks, fidget tools or noise-reducing headphones. These strategies are personalized to support focus, organization and emotional regulation throughout the day.
Living Well With SPD
Living with sensory processing disorder can feel overwhelming for both individuals and families, but therapy offers meaningful support. As children grow and environment changes, treatment plans may need adjustment. Advocacy, flexibility and understanding play key roles in improving quality of life.
With the right support in place, people with SPD can learn effective coping strategies and thrive. Seeking professional guidance, exploring accommodations and connecting with support groups can make a lasting difference for individuals and families navigating sensory challenges.
To learn more about SPD or to speak to a professional counselor about any other mental health challenges or concerns, we invite you to call Olive Branch Counseling Associates at 708-633-8000. You can meet with a professional counselor in person at 6819 167th St. in Tinley Park, IL 60477, or we can arrange a telehealth appointment. It is our pleasure to be of service to you.
Molly Vacha
Graduate Intern, 2026
Olive Branch Counseling Associates, Inc.
Reference
Cleveland clinic. (2025, March 20). Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD): Symptoms & Treatment. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/sensory-processing-disorder-spd
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